Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Library Research Report Series - 1552
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Library
Williamsburg, Virginia
1990
Introduction. | 4 | |
The structural features. Summary. | 6 | |
The cabinet shop. | 6 | |
The shop extension. | 10 | |
The Hay residence. | 11 | |
The kitchen. | 16 | |
Roofing materials. | 19 | |
Landscape features, | the stream. | 20 |
the bridge. | 21 | |
the platform. | 22 | |
silting. | 23 | |
the well. | 25 | |
fencelines. | 29 | |
steps. | 31 | |
paths. | 31 | |
planting. | 34 | |
Summary of artifacts relating to the cabinet-making trade. | 34 | |
Summary of artifacts relating to weapons. | 39 | |
Summary of builders' and domestic hardware. | 40 | |
Summary of small finds. | 41 | |
2. | ||
Summary of domestic ceramics and glass. | 43 | |
Footnotes | 47 | |
Appendix I. | Chronology of site history. | 51 |
II. | Dating of Excavation Register groups from the Hay Site | 53 |
III. | Distribution of Roofing tile fragments. | 69 |
IV. | Table of brick sizes. | 71 |
V. | Table of builders' hardware. | 74 |
VI. | Distribution of stone fragments. | 76 |
VII. | Table of artifacts relating to the cabinet-making trade. | 78 |
VIII. | Study of stratigraphy of stream valley. | 81 |
IX. | The Hay Inventory, January 21, 1771. | 102 |
Index | 110 |
Frontispiece: | Conjectural reconstruction of the Hay buildings | |
Before page | ||
---|---|---|
Figure 1 | The shop and extension foundations (plan) | 10 |
2 | The residence foundations (plan) | 13 |
3 | Stratigraphy under the residence (section) | 15 |
4 | The kitchen foundations and well (plan) | 18 |
5 | Course of the stream in the Hay period (plan) | 22 |
6 | Stratigraphic section through the stream in the vicinity of the shop | 24 |
7 | Section through well and stratigraphy in its vicinity | 27 |
8 | Sections through valley to rear of lots | 82 |
9 | Sections through valley south and east of the shop | 91 |
10 | Key to sections | at rear |
11 | Archaeological/architectural site plan of 1949 with 1960 additions | at rear |
12 | Plan of site showing position of drawn sections | at rear |
For photographic illustrations of excavations and artifacts see volumes II and III respectively .
The following report represents the results of the re-excavation of the above site whose structural features had previously been located by Mr. J. M. Knight in 1949. The purpose of the recent work was to obtain dating evidence for the buildings, to establish colonial grades, and to recover artifacts that might confirm the documentary evidence of the presence of a cabinetmaker on the site in the eighteenth century, showing the type of work that he did there, and providing clues to his standard of living.
In view of the vast number of objects recovered in the course of the excavations it is not proposed to describe and illustrate them all. Consequently this material is merely summarized, and only those items relating to the architecture and the cabinet making trade being treated in detail.
In the interests of brevity it is not proposed to discuss every small feature that the excavations revealed, but only to consider those that had a direct bearing on the required information tabulated above. where?
The report is divided into three parts, the first and second relating to the archaeological features and the third to a consideration of the artifacts. Where possible the first part is divided under headings that will facilitate the easy location of the main features, and here again brevity has been considered a prime requisite. Consequently certain specialized information has been omitted and inserted in appendices, e.g. 5. tables of brick sizes, tile distribution, and dating of Excavation Register groups.
Numbers used for archaeological features and groups of artifacts are those used in the Ms. Excavation Register or Day Book, an index to which is included in appendix II. Excavation Register number are prefixed by the letters E.R., e.g. "E.R.231A" which refers to area 231, stratum A. An object from that hypothetical deposit will eventually bear the full catalogue number 1176-231A.28D, the first figures being the catalogue number and the last the archaeological area on the base map.
It should be noted that Excavation Register numbers may also refer to small features such as pits or post holes within an area of excavation, depending upon their importance or the number of stratigraphic subdivisions (by letter) that the area has already received. All such numbers mentioned in the test appear in one or more of the illustrative figures. This is not true, however, of the full series given in Appendix II.
The report was first prepared in September, 1960, when the excavation was still not entirely finished. The draft was submitted to Mr. O. M. Bullock, Director of Architectural Research, who passed it to Mr. Buchanan for study on September 6th, 1960. It was subsequently read by Mr. Knight (September 21st) and the suggestions and amendments put forward by all three are included in the present paper.
I.N.H.
April, 1961
The archaeological area excavated in 1960, known as the Anthony Hay site, revealed traces of three building; a shop probably built in the period 1745-1756 with a westerly extension added in the 1760's, a residence probably of early eighteenth century date with later alterations, and a kitchen to the rear of it that may have been built as late as the 1780's. A brick-lined well was found to the east of the kitchen and was contemporary with it.
Archaeological and documentary evidence pointed to the destruction of the shop and its extension in the period 1778-1781. But the residence, kitchen and well were in use until the late first or second decade of the nineteenth century, at which time all three were destroyed.
The Frenchman's map of 1782 shows no structure in the vicinity of the stream that flowed through the site. However, it does indicate the presence of another larger structure to the west of the Hay residence, but neither the 19491 nor the 1960 excavations yielded any trace of it.
This structure stood on the east bank of a stream running north across the site - a stream that had been deliberately diverted in a westerly direction before the shop was constructed. Thus, part of the earlier stream course lay beneath the west wall of the building.
7.The shop possessed external measurements of 32'1 ¾" x 24'1 ¾", had foundations one brick in thickness, made use of English bond and shell mortar, and had its chimney at the east end.
The south foundation wall was originally unbroken and its footing stepped downward as it proceeded west, following the line of the grade. The presence of scored mortar joints indicate that only the bottom two courses were below ground level.
The west wall was of similar character, the scored mortar joints extending to within three course of the bottom at the S.W. corner of the building.
Surviving evidence (Figure 1) indicated that the north wall foundation consisted only of piers. The west wall returned east for a distance of 2'6" at the N.W. corner of the building the foundation consisted only of an east wall pier, having no return around the corner. 6'7" west of the northeast corner two bricks suggested the position of another pier. A scatter of brickbats 7'1 ½" east [west?] of these pointed to the position of yet another.
The east wall foundation also consisted of piers, a 2'3: return on the south foundation wall, with a 2'2 ½" pier (a bottom soldier course only) 3'6 ½" to the north. The N.E. corner pier extended southward for a distance of 2'2", while 3'8" beyond stood another pier 2'2 ½" in length. Thus the east foundation comprised the two corners and two piers, with an 8'0" chimney between the latter. It should be noted that the two corners and northern pier were of similar construction, i.e. header, 2 stretchers, header.2
8.The chimney of the Hay shop had apparently been pulled down, falling up the slope to the east of the building. Its rubble, with many courses intact, was scattered in a tapering spread for a distance of approximately 20'0" east from the foundation. The latter had been completely dismantled, but the area of the footing had been backfilled with building debris and was clearly discernible. This footing measured approximately 8'6" x 4'3 ½".
The Hay shop possessed no basement as such; but it was possible to enter the space beneath it at the western end of the north wall. It would seem that waste wood may have been stored there; for part of a chest as well as other wood scraps were found on the 18th century grade inside the N.W. corner of the building (E.R.216). It is clear that the sharp dip of the, then, built up bank of the stream would only permit access beneath the building at its western end. This space would obviously have been too damp for normal storage purposes and the wood may, perhaps, be written off as mere scrap.
It is believed that the shop building was erected during the years c.1745-1756, i.e. during the Everard period in which the value of the property increased from £45 to £200.3 In support of this assumption archaeological evidence showed that the shop was built on fill sealing over the first stream bed whose silt contained artifacts dating up to c.1740.
9.The destruction date can be more closely arrived at; firstly, on historical evidence that (a) suggests that Edmund Dickinson was at the shop until 1778, and 9b) shows the building absent from the Frenchman's map of 1782; secondly, on archaeological evidence which indicates that the building was still in use as a cabinet-maker's shop until shortly before its destruction. Large numbers of brass furniture hardware items, as well as iron cabinet locks and tools were found directly beneath the fallen chimney (E.R.239.256A.257A). Inside the shop and in the stream silt, sealed by the white plaster of the destruction stratum were some 65 gun flints, two gun locks and various brass gun fittings, suggesting that the shop saw the presence of troops during the Revolution.4 After the foregoing deductions has been made on the basis of archaeological evidence, the following important references came to light in the Williamsburg Public Store Records:
M-1016-1 Williamsburg Public Store Records (originals VSL)Day Book
"February 22, 1779 Williamsburg
…
PUBLICK ARMOURY Dr To 5 Quire paper @ 7/ to repare the windows of the House rented of Mrs Hay 12 lb F[ illeg]inc- - - - [£] 1.18. 3 Recd by James Anderson"
M-1016-2 Williamsburg Public Store Records (originals VSL)10. These left little doubt that the building was in a run-down state after the death of Dickinson, which would account for the fact that the stream was permitted to silt up around the shop (see p. 23). It is reasonable to suppose that the building was torn down soon after it ceased to be used as an armoury.Day Book
April 10, 1779-June 20, 1780 [near beginning of reel]
…
November 4, 1779 Williamsburg "PUBLICK ARMOURY pr Mrs. Hay Dr To Cash paid for 9 Months rent of a house to repair & Clean the Publick Arms by Mr Andersons people- - - [£] 45.-.-"
A westerly extension later added to the shop, spanned the stream, and stood on six brick piers, only five of which were found. This, assuming that only one pier was removed, created an addition 24'1" by approximately 12'0". The piers were all rectangular, ranging in size from 1'10 ½" x 1'1" to 3'3" x 1'1"; except at the N.E. corner where the pier was L-shaped (see Figure 1 and 6a, also Vol. II figure 12). Bricks were pale salmon and made use of poorly mixed shell mortar. The character of the pier brickwork was quite different from the carefully laid and scored-jointed courses of the west shop wall against which two of them abutted. It may or may not be significant that the concentration of white-painted plaster was greater over and around the extension than it was over the shop. The marks of laths were encountered on much of the plaster, many pieces of which varied from a ½" to 1" in thickness.
It should be noted that the piers were set so as to follow the contours of the bank as it sloped upwards to the west of the stream. Thus the western piers were shorter and closer together than at the east where the presence of the stream caused the span to be wider and the foundations deeper.
11.No documentary evidence is forthcoming to aid in the dating of the shop extension, and consequently the archaeological evidence is of paramount importance. The two central piers of the north and south foundations (Vol. II, figures 11 and 13) overlay a stratum of domestic refuse thrown down the western slope of the stream bank, refuse deposited no earlier than the decade 1755-1765.5 This dating was based on a study of the tobacco-pipe stems after a few very small fragments of intrusive (?) creamware had been found in the group. However, the piers predated the massive deposit of stream silt laid down in the decade 1770-1780.
The destruction date for the pier-foundationed extension is unquestionably the same as that for the shop, and the evidence supporting it is precisely the same.
This structure (Figure 2) had been dismantled almost to the last brick and consequently little remained beyond an outline derived from robbed trenches. As these had been in part excavated in 1949, it was impossible to check the previous findings. Consequently the N.W. corner of the house was plotted on the evidence of a stake planted at the estimated established corner during the 1949 investigation. The N.E. and S.E. corners, however were found intact as also was the robbed trench marking the S.W. corner (Vol. II, figures 22, 24, and 25). On their evidence, the house was estimated to measure approximately 32'3" x 20'.
The house stood at the top of the western valley slope close to the colonial building line facing Nicholson Street, with its basement cut 12. into the natural bank that sloped downward from the south lot line. The width of the robbed trench suggested that the foundation wall was probably only one brick in thickness. A short section of the west wall was found to have fallen inward into the basement at the S.W. corner, and it was noted that the pale orange color of the bricks matched that of the surviving S.E. corner. However, neither matched the small red bricks that appeared in the N.E. corner or in the foundation of a small chimney located inside the building in the middle of the estimated north wall line. It might be deduced that the rear of the house had been rebuilt in the course of its life and that at that time a new chimney was installed or added.
The N.E. corner comprised a pier cut into natural clay and built from brickbats, an excess of poorly mixed shell mortar and one water table brick. A short section of the east wall, 3'9" south of the pier was equally curiously constructed, being nothing more than four brickbats mortared in a row together, having a total width of approximately 4".6 A quantity of brick rubble was found by tunnelling under the large and elderly elm that stands within the S.E. corner of the house. However, an insufficient area could be opened up in this manner for any conclusions to be drawn.
Careful excavations were conducted both in 1949 and in 1960 in an attempt to locate traces of a chimney at one or other end of the house, but no sign of a foundation was encountered. However, a small chimney of uncertain form was located close to the estimated north wall line (Vol. II, figure 27), and was represented by a one brick west 13. foundation and a one and a half brick south foundation with a 3'0" square area of burnt brick dust having the aforesaid footings as its S.W. corner.7 The bricks were a soft red, surprisingly small, and bonded with mortar containing many large pieces of shell. Extending west from the heel of the L-shaped foundation ran a short section of foundation made up from unmortared brickbats of the pale orange variety.
Fragments of chimney debris lay to the south of the foundation, most of them comprising lumps of mortared brickwork of the type used in the main foundation. Also present, however, were occasional brickbats of the pale orange type whose heads were soot-blackened and clearly came from a chimney flue.
It is possible that a fireplace in the Hay residence was surrounded in one form or another by Dutch delftware tiles painted in landscape or seascape designs in pale blue. Of the ten tile fragments found two come from the vicinity of the house (E.R.251 and 348A), five come from the west slope of the stream bank (E.R.191, 191A, 192, 248(2) and three were found in the stream at the S.W. corner of the shop (Vol. III, figure 20). Of these last, one fragment came from a large seascape panel presumably mounted in a frame and not attached to a wall. It should also be noted that one of the fragments from the bank (E.R.191A) joined to another found in front of the residence (E.R.348A). Furthermore, six out of ten fragments came from tiles of the same type, i.e. the central design within a double lined circle and the corners filled in with the usual foliate scrolls.
Little information is forthcoming regarding the above-ground appearance of the building. It is assumed that the brick foundations extended some 18" above the colonial grade facing Nicholson Street and that the basement was free-standing on the other three sides.
There is some indication of a door or window at the north end of the west wall, for large quantities of wall plaster were found scattered at that point, suggesting that it had been thrown out of an opening during the destruction of the house. A considerable quantity of window glass was found, most of it having a pale blue cast, a characteristic generally associated with the latter rather than the first half of the eighteenth century. No pieces were large enough to determine pane sizes, but in some cases it was possible to see that the glass was manufactured by the crown process.
Large quantities of plaster fragments were found in the destruction debris of the building, all of it white painted and varying in thickness from ¼" to 1". Of importance was one fragment bearing the marks of angled laths on the back and having a concave obverse. This would appear to have come from a coved ceiling or winding stair soffit.
Iron builders' hardware was confined to a single T-shaped hinge found in a post hole to the S.E. of the house, and to a group of padlocks (E.R.332) and one fragment of a moulded fireback (E.R.331) found in the destruction debris (Vol. III, figure 56).
No indication of the construction date for the house is forthcoming from documentary evidence, and the archaeological data is so slender as to be readily open to dispute.
15.No evidence indicating the presence of a house earlier than the building discussed above was encountered; although, as stated previously, there is some indication of extensive repairs or rebuilding on the same south and west foundations.
Fragments of delftware or faience plates of unusual character were found scattered down the western stream bank (E.R.192,202,228, 229 and others) and are assumed to have stemmed from the house under discussion. A small fragment from an identical plate was found in a deposit of yellow clay (E.R.264) used as fill on the east bank of the stream and over which the Hay cabinet shop was built. Thus it may be deduced that the rarity of the ware makes it probable that the small sherd came from a plate belonging to the same person as those on the west slope. Therefore, if these emanated from the building known as the Hay residence, then it automatically follows that that house predates the cabinet shop, and was probably in existence during the decade c. 1740-1750. Whether or not this is the house built by Henry Gill in about 1718 is a matter for conjecture.8 Of considerable importance was a fragment of a pearl ware plate found in the building's destruction debris outside the N.E. corner (E.R. 304). This sherd joined to another found in the filling of the well (E.R.361E) at a depth of 5'8" - 9'0", and pointed to the destruction of house and well at the same time.
Dating for the destruction of the residence is somewhat more positive. A thin layer of black soil covered the clay semi-basement floor (E.R.290B, see Figure 3) in which were found items of cutlery and ceramics dating from the period c. 1790-1810. This stratum was immediately 16. overlaid by the destruction debris of the building. Beneath the black soil and in a pocket in the clay floor lay a Virginia halfpenny of 1773, (E.R.290C) a coin not issued in the colony until March 1775,9 proving that the building still stood at that date. A second pocket to the west of the chimney foundation contained fragments of wine bottles and pottery of the period c. 1740-1760 (E.R.329).
In summation, therefore, it can be suggested that the residence was in existence by the mid-eighteenth century and was dismantled by about 1820.
Situated to the rear of the residence, the kitchen (Figure 4) was represented by a few foundation remains of insufficient substance to permit accurate determination of its shape or size.
The principal feature was a chimney foundation measuring 8'11" by approximately 5'7", with its rear wall 1'10" in thickness (Vol. II, figure 30). The bricks were laid in English bond and their mortar containing a very small percentage of discernible shell. There was no evidence of scored mortar joints, although it was apparent that part of the surviving structure had stood above grade at least towards the end of its life.
The N.W. corner of the building was located 10'3" north of the chimney foundation and comprised a right angled pier measuring 1'6"x1'6" and resting on the filling of an east/west cut or terrace (see p. 18). A short section of the northern foundation was located 4'0" east of the corner pier and comprised a course of headers some 3'0" in length with an incomplete second course of stretchers, 1'8" in 17. length, that had slipped partially off the top (Vol. II, figure 31). As this feature had been previously excavated, leaving only the filling against the northern side undisturbed, it was impossible to tell whether one was dealing with a pier or with a continuing foundation that had been robbed at its east and west ends.
No N.E. corner was encountered, although a scatter of brickbats occurred at a point where such a corner could conceivably have stood (see Figure 4). There was, however, some indication of a S.E. pier in the shape of a group of laid bricks with mortar on the upper surface, measuring 1'4" x 1'0", and set into the clay on all four sides. No trace of a south wall was found, although the Archaeological Survey plan of 194910 records that indication of a robbed wall 3'0" south of the chimney was identified. No sign of this was found in 1960. Two brickbats were encountered as though deliberately laid, creating an east/west line approximately 1'9" south of the chimney. However, ignoring this inconclusive evidence, and accepting (for the sake of argument) the afore-mentioned pier as the S.E. corner, it would be possible to provide a ground plan of a building measuring approximately 22'0" x 19'6".
Although none of the foundation fragments, other than the chimney, had fully mortared joints, all showed traces of shell mortar on the upper surfaces. It is possible that mortar between the bricks had been leached out; for slight traces were encountered between bricks of the northern foundation pier or fragment.
It should be noted that the kitchen building stood on the edge of the decline sloping down into the stream valley and consequently the floor level was much closer to the eighteenth century grade at the south side than at the north (e.g. el.69.30 as against 67.17).
18.It is assumed that the floor of the kitchen had been removed before the building was destroyed, for a section of the chimney was found lying inside it and resting directly on the yellow clay that predated the structure. The fact that the clay sloped so drastically downward towards the north precluded any possibility of the kitchen having possessed a dirt floor.
Evidence for a construction date was insufficient to be conclusive. There were, however, numerous artifacts scattered outside the building, on all sides save the south. Among these were two Virginia halfpennies of 1773 (E.R.302,322A, see Vol. III, figure 16). Directly beneath the destruction debris outside the north foundation was found a quantity of domestic ceramics, most of the items dating in the period c.1790-1810 (E.R.345). It could be deduced from this evidence that the greatest activity in the area of the kitchen occurred at the close of the eighteenth century.
It was found that the natural clay, on an E/W line passing beneath the kitchen between chimney and N.W. corner, had been cut down in a deliberate step. This drop had begun to silt up when the kitchen was built. The N.W. corner pier was set into, and on the aforesaid silt, from which came two small fragments of creamware suggesting a terminus post quem of c. 1770 for the building of the kitchen. However, the sherds were too few and too small to be accepted without question. The step cut into the clay with its associated silting continued west from the kitchen, and in that section, the top of the silt not reaching above the lip of the step, was richly laden with ceramics and glass of the period 19. c. 1790-1820 (E.R.341). The restricted nature of the excavation in this area left some doubt as to the relationship between the late fill and the kitchen. In the absence of evidence to the contrary it must be assumed that the trash was deposited in the period of the building's destruction (see p. 27).
It should be noted that no kitchen building occurs on the Frenchman's Map,11 an omission that could be explained in one of three ways, (a) that it was destroyed before 1782 - which it was not; (b) that it was too small to interest the Frenchman, or (c) that it was not erected until after the map was drawn.
There is little doubt that the destruction date for the kitchen was the same as that for the residence. Indeed, there was evidence, in the shape of brick and mortar chips spanning the distance between the two structures, that both had been dismantled at the same time and their components retrieved as part of a single salvage operation. It may be noted that a fragment of brickwork apparently identical in character (as regards brick color and mortar) to that of the residence chimney, was found outside the north foundation of the kitchen.
Although no identifiable fragments of wooden shingles were found, sufficient fragments of flat, double-holed, roofing tiles were encountered to merit serious consideration.
A total of 79 fragments were recovered, 44 of them coming from the stream silt and from the immediate vicinity of the Hay shop extension; 14 pieces were discovered around the shop proper, and a further 18 fragments were located in the stratum of ash and cabinet hardware sealed beneath the fallen shop chimney.
20.The absence of tile fragments from both the residence and kitchen building could be used as evidence to indicate that a building in the area in which the tiles were found was so roofed. Dating evidence for the deposition of the tiles was most conclusive where they were found sealed beneath the fallen shop chimney, and so, presumably broken shortly before the building was destroyed; namely in the decade c. 1770-1780. In addition it should be noted that of the 6 groups and deposits that yielded tile fragments, 25 dated in the period c. 1770-1780, and only six were earlier.
In summation it may be suggested that roofing tiles were in use at the Hay shop and that most breakages occurred among them in the decade 1770-1780.12 (See Appendix III).
Under the above heading are included all those features that relate to the topography of the site, and to all functional structures and constructions other than the principal buildings previously discussed.
The salient feature of the Hay site throughout the eighteenth century was undoubtedly the stream that flowed north across it in the direction of Queen's Creek. This was the same stream that had passed through a culvert under Duke of Gloucester Street, and which flowed northward through the Printing Office site, and was forded on the line of Nicholson Street before reaching the Hay lots.
As previously stated, the course of the stream was diverted westward in the mid-eighteenth century by a deposition of yellow clay on the east bank, and overlying the long-established stream bed, atop 21. which the cabinet shop was constructed (Vol. II, figure 10). Thus, the stream was forced to take a sharp curve to the west to avoid the shop immediately after crossing Nicholson Street. Subsequently the course returned to its original line, though at a higher level, the two channels actually crossing and overlying each other at a point 10'0" north of the shop complex. (See Figure 5 and section Figure 6B.)
When the extension was added to the shop in the 1760's, the stream bed directly south of it was wrapped with brickbats, presumably in an attempt to arrest or prevent erosion. The brick rubble, though continuous directly west of the main shop, did not extend as far as Nicholson Street. A test cutting beside the street on approximately the Hay property's south lot line, revealed no such wrapping. However, the east end of the cutting did expose the edge of a laid row of bricks that extended beneath the present stream course (Vol. II, figure 21). The purpose of these bricks (top elevation 63.32) was not determined, nor was the distance to which they continued eastwards beneath the modern stream bed.
It would seem that at the same time that the stream was diverted and the shop constructed, two groups of boards were set into the new bank directly west of the building (Vol. II, figure 14). The boards were laid on top of one another in two east/west rows approximately 3'0" apart, the space between being packed with brick rubble. In the top of the southern row a group of bricks were found set on edge as though they had been packed around a post measuring 1'3" x 6" at the 22. base. A quantity of brick rubble filled the space between the two sets of boards and from among the bats came numerous fragments of glass and ceramics deposited after 1740 (E.R.230H). A deposit of grey clay covered the northern set of boards at their eastern extremity and passed beneath the southeast pier of the shop extension. There was no doubt, therefore, that the boards were laid before the extension was added.
It was suggested by a number of the architectural office that the boards might have represented the base of a dam, built to collect water to drive an over-shot wheel.13 However, the fact that no board was more than 2'6" in length and also that none of them extended beyond the eastern edge of the stream, seems to cast doubts on the dam theory.
It is the writer's belief that the timbers represented footings from a small bridge that spanned the stream before the shop extension was added, but which was subsequently no longer needed.
A single board was found on the west bank of the stream 2'0" north of the shop extension's central south pier. There was no evidence that it had been deliberately laid.
At a point on the stream's west bank 1014" to the north of the shop extension and contemporary with it, was found a wooden platform comprising a single 7-½" x 3" board lying north/south on edge (holding back a filling of red and yellow clay to the west of it) and with horizontally laid boards extending east from it for a distance of 2'7" (Vol. II, figure 18). This platform was only exposed at its southern extremity and extending 5'0" north to the point where it disappeared into the north bank 23. (see Figure 5). The vertical board rested on top of the horizontal planks and to the east of it, lying on the latter, was a quantity of broken window glass (E.R.243H). The previously mentioned clay fill behind the vertical board was removed and under it was found a continuation of the same refuse stratum that passed beneath the foundation piers of the shop extension.
The purpose of the platform was not established, but there was no doubt that it related to the diverted stream course and that it was constructed no earlier than the building of the shop extension. Like both shop and extension, the platform lay beneath the destruction debris from these buildings and consequently had ceased to serve any purpose by c. 1780.
When excavations on the Hay site began, the modern stream course passed through the middle of the Hay shop in a S.E. to N.W. direction, It was learned, as a result of excavating inside the building and beneath the present bed, that the stream had adopted this course immediately after the building was torn down. It was also shown that in the decade c.1770-1780, the stream had silted up beneath and in front of the extension to such a degree that the water was flowing against the south face of the shop foundation and depositing large quantities of sand against it (Vol. II, figure 2). At the S.W. corner of the shop, the grade was raised in this way, to a height of no less than eight brick course's in ten years (E.R.209,213,214,215).
As the top of the silt represented the bed of the stream at the close of the colonial period, it may be deduced that the cabinet shop 24. had become a dam holding back the flow of water across Nicholson Street and causing the stream to back up into the ford. It is established that the shop was in disrepair after the death of Edmund Dickinson in 1778, and seems to have become an unintentional dam. It may well have been pulled down for that reason when it ceased to serve as an armoury.
Silting of the stream was not confined to the area south of the cabinet shop, and test cuttings across the rear of the lot (Figure 9A & 9B) showed that the bed had risen as much as 11'0" since the mid-eighteenth century. Thus, the sheer drop of approximately this height that existed in the course to the rear of the site in 1960, had not been present when the cabinet shop was first constructed. Instead, the stream sloped rapidly downward as it flowed north, until it passed into the ravine that still remains at the rear of the property today.
It would appear that the stream valley north of the buildings was much wider, and the water less confined in the latter part of the eighteenth century than it was either earlier or later. Consequently, at some date after c. 1750, a large quantity of clay was dumped along the west bank, to the rear of the kitchen building, to raise the land surface in that area. As the test cuttings dug to establish this stratification were cut mechanically, insufficient dating evidence was forthcoming to determine the exact period at which the deposition of clay occurred. However, in two hand-dug test cuttings across the valley and directly east of the kitchen (Figures 6C and 7A, and Vol. II, figure 36), there was ample evidence to indicate an extensive clay deposition after 25. c. 1775. It does not, however, follow that the dumped clay further to the rear of the site was laid down at the same date.
For details of the stratification of the valley at various key points, see Figures 6A, 6C, 7A, 8A, 8B, 9A, 9B.
Documentary evidence for the presence of a well on the property was provided by the ledger of Humphrey Harwood who, on November 5th, 1785, charged Mrs. Elizabeth Hay ten shillings "To Repairing well, & underpinning to House and plasterg."14 However, as no address was given it was possible that the reference was to another piece of property owned by the Widow Hay.
No well was found during the 1949 excavations and in 1960 much time was wasted probing and digging on the high ground to the west of the kitchen in the mistaken belief that that was the most likely place for such a feature. During the summer of 1960 a small number of tapering well bricks, salmon in color, were found in the primary silting of the second stream at a depth of 6'3" below the present grade. Yet another similar brick was encountered in yellow clay directly beneath the kitchen.
Shortly before the excavations were due to cease, an exploratory cutting was made extending east from the kitchen towards the stream, a project that resulted in the location of an excellently preserved, shell-mortared brick well head measuring 5'4" 3/5" [?] x 5 ½" the head extending to a depth of thirteen courses into the ground (See Figure 4 and Vol. II figures 33-35). The northern edge of the head had collapsed down to and below the late eighteenth century grade, the bricks falling into the well 26. where they were subsequently found close to the bottom. These bricks were of normal rectangular shape, a deep purplish red, some of them much rubbed at one end, and a few being deeply scored at the same end, perhaps representing wear caused by the friction of a rope or chain.
The contents of the well (Figure 7B) were removed partially by the archaeological staff and in part by a professional well-digger, consequently there is a possibility of some confusion of levels below a depth of approximately 10'0" from the top. Nevertheless the overall picture provided by the artifacts is irrefutable.
From a filling of loam, organic fill, ash and domestic trash extending from approximately 5'8" to 9'0" (E.R.361E) came a fragment of a pearl ware plate bearing the mark of John Davenport of Staffordshire who was working between 1793 and 1830. Further evidence was provided by a sherd found at a depth of 2'8" (E.R.361B) that joined to another found in a stratum of brick rubble at 16'3"-18'4" (E.R.361K), and another discovered at a depth of 19'0" (E.R.361L) joining to one from the latter context. This overlapping association left no doubt that the entire filling of the well, save for the small primary deposit (E.R.361M) was thrown down at one and the same time for the express purpose of filling it in. The additional evidence of another pearl ware sherd of the period c. 1800-1820, found in the destruction debris of the residence (E.R.304) that joined to one from the 5'8"-9'0" filling of the well, pointed to the destruction of both house and well at the same time. The destruction of the kitchen was already linked archaeologically to the residence, but further corroboration was provided by a fragment of the same Pearl hand-painted Staffordshire service from the well at a depth 27 of 3'4" (E.R.361C) as was found in the terrace filling west of the kitchen (E.R.341A). Other pieces from the same set (or one identical to it) came from the topsoil inside the residence (E.R.331); from topsoil overlying destruction debris south of the kitchen (E.R.309); and from topsoil in a test cutting running N/S between the residence and the Tayloe complex to the west. However, it could conceivably be argued that as nine-tenths of the fragments came from the terrace filling, it is possible that the other sherds were disturbed from that context at some subsequent date.
Even if the foregoing evidence is not considered sufficiently strong to link the destruction of the kitchen to that of the well and residence, there is no doubt as to the ultimate fate of the well. The Davenport sherd provides an irrefutable terminus post quem for its filling. Finds from the primary silting (E.R.361M) include creamwares dating after 1770, wine bottles belonging to the period c. 1770-1790 and cutlery, a shoe buckle, and other small finds that may be attributed to the second half of the eighteenth century.
The brickwork rested on a narrow wooden ring (2-½" in thickness) and showed no visible sign on the interior face of any variation of brick shape or color.
The small quantity of sandy silt at the bottom could suggest that the well had been cleaned out shortly before it was destroyed. On the other hand the earlier date of the artifacts in the silt and the lack of a deep hole beneath the lining of the well could indicate either that the cleaners had not often penetrated below the wooden ring or that the well was rarely cleaned. In neither case do these deductions point to 28. an early date for this well. Had it been long in use and frequently cleaned right to the bottom, the cavity beneath would have been larger. Furthermore, if the primary silting as found in 1960 had been undisturbed throughout the life of a well of colonial date, the artifacts found therein would almost certainly have included at least a few of that period. In short, therefore, the existing dating evidence suggests that the well was in use in the last quarter of the eighteenth century and was destroyed after 1793, and probably in the second decade of the nineteenth century.
On the evidence of the Harwood account it was expected that a change of brickwork would be discernible close to the top; but none was found, although a shaft was dug down outside the well to a depth of approximately 9'0". It is possible, however, that Harwood's repairs were to the brickwork above ground or to the head and winding gear, in which case no evidence of his work would have survived. There seems no likelihood that his work included the relining of the shaft starting at a depth greater than 9'0" from the surviving top, as his charge was small and no bricks figured in the entry.
With the above facts in mind, it should be noted that tapering well bricks similar to those previously described were found scattered on the sloping bank directly east and west of the bottom of the well head (E.R.364C). These bricks bore traces of shell mortar and had presumably been removed from the upper courses of an earlier well. It is not known whether that early well occupied the same shaft as the present structure or whether it stood close by on an as yet unexcavated location.
29.Artifacts from the excavated well shaft provided a number of useful items not previously represented in the collection. Among these were a wooden tub, a tin skillet, a pewter spoon, well preserved shoe buckle, trunk lock, buzzer and some early American glass.
Numerous post holes were encountered in the course of the excavations, but they were only seen in series in those sections where area clearance was undertaken. The significant groups were as follows:
A fragmentary foundation (Figure 2 and Vol. II, figure 23) set against the bank as it sloped downward into the stream valley directly to the S.E. of the Hay residence is believed to have provided a footing for a short flight of steps that enabled Mr. Hay to proceed from the front of his house down the steep bank towards his shop. The foundation comprising as it did, two short lengths of shell-mortared brickwork running E/W and parallel to each other, could have supported a flight of four or five steps approximately 5'0" in width.
It may be significant that the south face of the step foundation, if such it be, lay on the same line as the row of post holes running west 7'0" south from the front of the house.
The foundation was surrounded, though not covered, by a scatter of white-washed plaster that presumably emanated from the destroyed cabinet shop. Directly south of it was encountered a small depression in the ground that contained a miniature brass padlock and fragments of drawer pulls and escutcheon plates comparable to those associated with the shop. The brickwork was sealed beneath brown soil containing artifacts of the period c. 1790-1810 and it may be assumed that the steps were destroyed either before or at the same time that the residence was pulled down.
The only substantial paved walkway encountered extended south on a line more or less in the center of the front wall of the residence. (See Figure 2 and Vol. II, figures 28 and 29.) The path was made up from 32. 9" square flooring tiles, bricks and brickbats, some of which bore traces of sandy mortar on their sides and upper surfaces, and so were clearly reused from elsewhere. The path had a surviving width of 3'0" and a length of 9'6". It first appeared in identifiable form at a distance of 9'9" from the residence and it is uncertain as to whether it ever approached any closer. There were, however, one brick and two bats, apparently deliberately laid and still in situ , on much the same line, at a distance of 4'2" from the house. If the path had, in fact, extended to the house wall, it would have been at least 19'0" in length.
The path overlay a stratum of red coal ash and then a layer of white-washed wall plaster that ranged in thickness from 2" to 6" and which contained sherds of creamware and one fragment of a brass drawer handle (E.R.351) similar to those associated with the cabinet shop. The paved area was found to dip towards its southern extremity, as it had settled over a rain-washed depression in the clay beneath both it and the plaster spread. The resulting concavity in the paving was filled with roughly laid brickbats, and at one point the original paving had been taken up and relaid over the remaining section.
To the west of the paved strip, brickbats were found tamped into the top of the natural clay. As no attempt had been made to lay the bricks with their flat surface uppermost, and as the corners and fractures showed no sign of wear, it was assumed that the purpose of the spread had been to arrest erosion rather than to provide a paved walk. It is significant that the plaster spread that passed beneath the already described brick and tile path, ran out before reaching the brickbat spread. In addition, the thin stratum of red coal ash that lay between 33. the paved path and the plaster spread, overlay the tamped brickbats to the west. It is reasonable to accept the latter, therefore, as being earlier than the paved path.
To the east the sequence was somewhat different. Tamped brick rubble spread east from the paved path and continued down the steep decline beyond the Hay residence. A section cut through the brickbats close to the path showed both the red ash and plaster strata passing beneath , and so predating it.
Proceeding on the reasonable assumption that the plaster spread was originally derived from the destruction of the Hay shop and extension, one is immediately presented with a post-colonial date for each succeeding deposition. This conclusion was supported by all available evidence. The use of red coal ash, for example, occurred not only in front of the residence, but also to the west and N.W., where it contained artifacts of the closing years of the eighteenth century. It is believed that the ash was laid down to create a water-absorbing path around the house and was contemporary with the similar layer to the south of that building.
The much mutilated remains of another paved area abutted against the well head on its westerly side, and it is possible that this extended to the kitchen entrance. Only brickbats were used, but there was slight evidence that they may have been laid in an ornamental form that included arcs or circles. The bricks rested on a thin layer of lime which extended beyond them towards the kitchen. (See Vol. II, figure 32.)
No evidence of formal gardens or, indeed, any deliberate attempt to beautify the site was encountered. On the contrary, all evidence pointed to a denuding of most of the top soil on both slopes of the stream valley in the immediate vicinity of the occupation areas. The rear of the property, within the valley was almost certainly useless marsh occasioned by the silting of the stream in the late colonial years.
Only three datable tree root holes were encountered; one to the S.E. of the kitchen filled in the early nineteenth century (E.R.315, Figure 4), another east of the residence on the slope towards the stream (Figure 1) and the last further to the S.E. on the stream bank beside Nicholson Street (Figure 5). The second tree (E.R.347) had apparently been cut down and the stump burned out in the decade a. 1770-1780. (E.R.347) Artifacts from the holes, deposited after the stump had burned, included Rouen faience, English creamware, gun flints and a musket ball. The third stump had also been burnt out, and a few small 18th century potsherds were found in the filling.
Cabinetmaking tools and hardware were prolific [profuse] in the vicinity of the shop and left no doubt as to the nature of the work undertaken there. This material is of considerable importance in that it is readily datable and provides an insight into a trade whose operations and products are not fully revealed from documentary sources. In addition to the items of metal were those of wood, most of these last being retrieved from the bed and east bank of the stream that passed beneath the shop's extension. 35. Together, this material gave useful indications of the types of furniture that passed through the shop between circa 1756 and 1778. (See Vol. III, figures 1-9.)
The majority of the tools came from the stream silt and were consequently in a poor state of preservation. Nevertheless it was possible to identify a useful range of items (see Appendix VII.) Notably absent were such basic tools as saws, hammers, measuring devices and plane irons of specialized forms. However, Mr. Heuvel, Colonial Williamsburg's cabinetmaker, pointed out that the broad plane irons, files, rasps, etc., that were found were typical of those tools that quickly wear out and are considered expendable by cabinetmakers. Such things as hammers and saws are not, and will often provide a lifetime of service. Consequently one would hardly expect those tools to be thrown into the stream.
Also to be classified among the tools were numerous Westerwald chamberpots containing the residue of paints of white and red lead. (Vol. III, figure 35, left.) Nodules of similar colors were found spread on the west stream bank and also in the inverted bases of broken wine bottles.
The brass items were predominantly divided between the stream silt and the apparent working area immediately east of the shop. The majority of the brass scraps from hinges and other waste metal was recovered from the latter, while most of the escutcheons came from the stream. The latter ranged in style from the beginning of the eighteenth 36. century through to the Chippendale era, and included ornaments for such objects as chests, desks, and tall case clocks. (Vol. III, figures 1-5.) Also present were casters for arm chairs or tables, hinges for clock doors (most of them trimmed), cupboard bolts, a capital or base from one of the orders on a clock hood, pulls for desk sliders and drawers, and ornamental hooks. Particularly ubiquitous were brass upholstery tacks of which no fewer than 686 were found. In only one case were these attached to the original furniture. In that instance the wood had decayed completely away, but leaving the tacks in a straight line spaced at intervals of one inch (E.R.221).
Finds from the east of the shop, many of them sealed beneath the fallen chimney, were of particular importance in that they appeared to have been associated with simple metalworking, i.e. the adaptation of hardware to fit specific requirements. Numerous fragments trimmed from ornamental hinges were found along with scraps cut from larger brass hinges of uncertain form. Large quantities of iron nails (E.R.239, 256) were found scattered through the same stratum which consisted almost entirely of wood ash with small pieces of clinker. Among the nails was one that had been heated to a considerable temperature and had become partially vitrified. This nail was shown to the Colonial Williamsburg blacksmith who gave his opinion that such a change could not have occurred to the iron at a temperature of less than 2000° F. - a heat that could not be reached in a domestic hearth. It therefore seemed reasonable to infer that the cabinetmaker possessed a small furnace for metal working. An almost circular area of intense burning of the clay east of the shop chimney (See Figure 1) may have been the site of a small 37. portable furnace. However, the same vicinity also yielded a trimming from the key plate of a pistol (Vol. III, figure 10, No. 5) and part of the knuckle bow from a small sword (Vol. III, figure 10, No. 6). On this evidence it might be argued that the furnace was associated with the building's phase as a public armoury.19 There is little doubt that most of the brass trimmings were deposited shortly before the shop was dismantled, but it is not possible to say whether the finds were deposited during Dickinson's occupancy (1772-1778), or in the armoury period (1779-?) or both.
Few iron items could definitely be associated with the cabinetmaking trade. However, eleven cabinet locks were recovered, but all were in such poor condition that only their size can be determined, average measurements for the plates being 2 5/8" x 2 ½".
A quantity of shavings and wood chips was found in a layer of peat on the east bank of the stream both north and south of the N.E. pier of the shop's extension. From the same vicinity came a rough hewn leg that was probably intended for a table. (Vol. III, figure 9, No. 1.) The wood was tentatively identified by Mr. Heuvel as walnut, and its proportions closely resemble those of the legs of the large, gate-legged table in the Apollo Room of the Raleigh Tavern. The unfinished foot of the Hay leg could well have been completed in the ball and claw manner of the Raleigh example. The leg is of considerable interest and importance, it being the only piece of Williamsburg furniture so far identified. The same stratum yielded a short board covered with leather [and] held in place by small iron tacks (Vol. III, figure 9. No. 6). The object from which 38. this comes has not been fully determined. It is, however, of interest to note that the leather was attached with iron tacks and that there was no evidence of the use of the brass tacks that were so common on the site.
Lying in wet sand on the east bank of the eighteenth century stream and west of the shop was found a bow-shaped crest rail from a chair of Chippendale form (Vol. II, figure 19 and Vol. III, figure 9, No. 2). No exact parallel for the type has been identified in the Colonial Williamsburg collection, but it is possible that the wood's advanced state of decay may have destroyed certain key features. The same area also yielded part of a back leg from an armchair with its brass caster still attached by iron nails (Vol. III, figure 9, No. 8). The leg had been burnt at the broken extremity, but the presence of the caster coupled with the shaping of the wood left little doubt as to its purpose.
Other wooden items included part of a simple chair leg, a sash pulley wheel with brass bush (ibid. No. 10), various shaped scraps, all of them from the silt of the stream. Inside the N.W. corner of the shop itself (beneath the modern stream bed) were found a number of wood scraps including a base rail that may have come from a small blanket chest (ibid. No. 4). The presence of these pieces inside and under the shop suggested that the open space below the floor and between the piers of the north foundation was used for the storage or disposal of waste wood.
39.It should be noted that most of the wooden artifacts had become discolored and the surface lost as a result of their sojourn in the ground. Consequently, identification of the wood is made extremely difficult, and in most cases has been beyond the capabilities of Colonial Williamsburg's staff.
Although not directly associated with cabinetmaking, mention must be made of a fragment of a boxwood oboe with its two brass stops intact (ibid. No. 10) that was found in the peat stratum previously discussed (E.R.205). It is possible that the instrument was brought into the shop for repair during the Bucktrout tenancy, as that cabinetmaker advertised that he manufactured and repaired harpsichords and spinnets. Some indication of the date of the oboe was provided by the evidence of its two stops. According to Karl Geiringer "The three keys of the Rococo period were reduced to two, as in the second half of the [18th ] century it became the rule that the player's right hand was undermost."20 The few datable artifacts found in the peat stratum pointed to the oboe's deposition at some time after 1760 and probably before circa 1770.
The Anthony Hay excavations yielded a larger number of gun flints than had previously been found in all of Williamsburg's excavations, no fewer than 65 coming from the shop area alone (Vol. III, figure 10). The majority of the flints were round backed, wedge-shaped in section and honey-colored, all features pointing to a French origin. Documentary evidence in the shape of the Williamsburg Public Store Records tends to 40. support this attribution as they show that many of the weapons kept there were provided by the French.
Two musket locks were among the finds, neither of them, however, from tightly dated contexts (Vol. III, figure 11). Part of another lock was found in a context of the mid-1770's, but this has been tentatively identified by one visiting gun authority as coming from a sporting piece. Similarly a brass butt plate found inside the shop has been considered too small for a military musket.
Other finds include four lead balls, two thimbles, part of a brass key plate from a pistol, part of the knuckle bow from a small sword, an unmarked escutcheon from a musket and two lead flint grips (Vol. III, figure 10). In addition, two cannon balls were found in the stream bed to the rear of the shop, and two more were found in the filling of the well. Diameters of the balls are as follows:
E.R.243W | Diam. 4" wt. 7 lbs. 9 oz. | stream |
E.R.243N | " 4-½" wt. 12 lbs., 2 oz.) | stream |
E.R.361E (2) | Diam. 4-½" wt. 11 lbs., 4 oz.) | well |
While a good range of iron hinges and locks was included in the collection of artifacts from the site, few, if any, of them were directly and irrefutably associated with the structures, the majority having been found in the vicinity of the 18th century stream. A table of these items is included in this report as Appendix V.
Domestic items included such items as skillet handles, andiron fragments, fire tongs, snuffers, and tin and iron cooking vessel pieces. Also worthy of note were four iron Jews harps, harness items including saddle hardware, buckles, and bridle pieces (Vol. III, figure 63).
41.Agricultural items comprised hoe and spade blades, a sickle blade and a handle tang from a scythe, as well as axe and rake fragments. (Vol. III, figure 64.)
These items were plentiful and extremely varied, ranging from watches to wig-curlers (Vol. III, figures 12-16). Broken shoe buckles were particularly prolific and as many of them were found among the cabinetmakers' waste east of the shop, it is possible that they represent scrap brass rather than a surfeit of shoebuckles in the Hay household. The same deposit also yielded a gilded lead roundel moulded with a crowned rose and thistle emblem. The purpose for which this object was intended is not known. Numerous buttons were recovered, fifty-two from the shop and stream, and a further nineteen from the residence, kitchen and well. None was particularly unusual; while the majority were flat and plain, a few of the two-piece buttons retained traces of gilding. Other finds included six thimbles, three brass curtain rings, four varieties of sleeve links, two knee buckles, various beads and glass "stones", a pair of silver plated sugar tongs (Vol. III, figure 54, Nos. 11-12), slate pencils and a useful range of harness buckles and bosses (Vol. III, figure 61).
Of particular note were two lead objects that may have served as balances for a wooden lathe (?) wheel (Vol. III, figure 54, Nos. 1 & 2); plates from two verge watches, one engraved London 1746 and an illegible maker's name; one lead cloth bale seal, and one broken piece of type metal intended for use in the printing of paper money at the Virginia Gazette (Vol. III, figure 16, Nos. 8, 6 and 5).
42.Coins were scarce and comprised three Virginia halfpennies of 1773, a quarter of a Spanish silver two real piece (ibid. Nos. 1-4) and one worn halfpenny of George II (old head), that was found on the eighteenth century stream bank west of the shop (E.R.230C, not illustrated).
Among the more unusual finds were half a lead inkwell with sockets for quills, the iron head from a loaded cane in the shape of a miniature mace, and the base of a large brass candlestick of ecclesiastical proportions (Vol. III, figure 53) that was recovered at a depth of 9'3" in black stream silt in a test cutting to the rear of the lot (See Appendix VIII, E.R.316D).
Pewter was extremely scarce and was confined to one intact spoon and two broken examples from the Hay well. An intact plate 11" in diameter was found in the stream silt, but it was too badly decayed to be salvaged (Vol. II, figure 20).
Iron cutlery with bone and horn handles was well represented, but only one piece was considered notable, this being a bone handled knife earlier in character than the general run of pistol gripped examples (E.R.247G).
Of great interest was the discovery of part of an iron orthopaedic corset for the correction of spinal malformation in a child. This object, one section of the back plate only, retained traces and impressions of fabric covering and straw padding. Photographs were sent to the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum whose director commented as follows:
"I think that the part you have is for the right shoulder blade and that the two metal tongues would have been attached to a 43. similar piece for the left shoulder. The two pierced metal straps would then have been attached to a firm leather or metal belt worn round the waist. The holes round the edges are presumably for stitching to strong fabric or soft leather to complete the garment. Similar holes are present on earlier and heavier orthopaedic appliances in this museum. The shoulder pieces would almost certainly have been slightly padded."21
The object was found in the first stream bed and consequently predated the construction of the Hay shop.
The majority of the pottery was found scattered down the west bank of the eighteenth century stream between the shop and residence and extending north along the bank to the well east of the kitchen. Most of this material belonged to the period c. 1740-1775 and was of good quality. A small assemblage of earlier wares was found in the primary stream bed and dated from circa 1690 through to about 1740. This early group included part of a delft bowl with a flying bird decorated in cobalt on the inside, two delft chamberpots of early eighteenth century character and Westerwald stoneware tankards of the first half of the same century (E.R.243W).
Dating from the Hay period were numerous fragments of Whieldon and comparable wares, including a teapot with sprigged ornament that included an apparently unparalleled cherub motif (Vol. III, Figure 26, No. 6). Creamware was fairly plentiful in immediately pre-revolutionary deposits and included teapot, jug, and bowl fragments, some with obvious Leeds characteristics, also cups, saucers, plates and an egg cup. Other 44. wares of the general Whieldon-Wedgwood school included a pineapple teapot and bowl, a red ware teapot with an unusually baroque sprigged ornament of musicians, and a small lead-glazed teapot ornamented with a botryoid motif in high relief.
Special note should be taken of a group of dark brown-bodied sherds, white slipped on the inside, lead glazed outside and ornamented with white trailing, the whole fired in a saltglaze kiln. This ware closely resembles that described in the Thomas Shaw patent of 1733, although it is known that other potters produced similar wares at a later date.
White saltglazed wares were ubiquitous and included the usual range of common plates, cups, teapots, tankards and bowls. Fragments of the early, slipped grey-cored tankards and mugs were surprisingly well represented, as also were some of the more unusual white saltglaze forms, including strainers, moulds, triangular dishes and gravy boats. One of these last is elaborately moulded with lion masks and vines, paralleling a rare and apparently previously unpublished boat exhibited at the Detroit Institute of Arts in 1954. 22 (Vol. III, figure 25, No. 3)
A small quantity of scratch blue white stoneware was represented, amongst it a considerable part of a pitcher of good quality, dating from the mid-eighteenth century. Fragments of two Littler's Blue teapots were also recovered, one of them seemingly of unusual form, having a recessed lid and tripod feet, features that do not normally appear together. It is possible that Littler's Blue pots were referred to in the Hay inventory wherein are listed "2 large coloured stone tea pots 1/3." See Appendix IX, p. 106.
45.Rhenish stonewares (Westerwald) were plentiful and included numerous chamberpots (see p. 35), tankards and jug fragments. G.R. medallions occurred on both of these last, one jug fragment bearing an example dated 1724 and the mould-maker's initials, a ligatured H P and a W. (Vol. III, figure 34, No. 2) A medallion from the same mould was found on the site of Peter Hay's shop (11D2). Brown stonewares included fragments of two large Bellarmines of the third quarter of the seventeenth century as well as pipkin, bottle and mug fragments, many of the latter probably emanating from Yorktown.
Coarse wares were present in quantity, mostly of local manufacture, from the West of England23 and from Buckley in North Wales. Numerous fragments of one large Iberian oil jar were found, as well as sherds from others of different types.
In short, the Anthony Hay site yielded examples of most of the wares in use in England in the mid-eighteenth century, as well as examples of some that were comparatively rare. The quantity and variety of these ceramics were extremely helpful in the study of the whole field of English eighteenth century pottery and the material will continue to merit further detailed study. It was only unfortunate that the fragments were scattered down the stream bank and were not confined in refuse pits where they could have been more closely dated.
The table glass (Vol. III, figures 41-45) included a useful range of air-twist and opaque-twist wine glass stems as well as representative examples of baluster and balustroid stems. Fragments of a mallet-shaped lead glass decanter of the period c. 1740-1760 were also found (Vol. III, figure 42). Pieces of two similar decanters had previously been encountered 46. at the Coke-Garrett House. This decanter form is not represented in the Curator's Collection and consequently should be sought in the future.
The most important glass item found on the site was an opaque white glass tankard or mug whose shape clearly aped that of white saltglaze mugs of the mid-eighteenth century (Vol. III, figure 41).
Wine bottles were plentiful in the stream bed and in a pit south of the shop (E.R.254C) and cut into the silt of the stream's west bank. The latter deposit contained jars and small cylindrical bottles dating from the 1770's and of forms not previously recorded from Williamsburg excavations (Vol. III, figure 49).
Interesting examples of what may well be early American glass bottles were found in the upper levels of the stream silt and these will merit further study. Further examples of American glass were found in the Hay well along with wine bottles of the last quarter of the eighteenth century.
Wine bottle seals included examples made for the 1st Earl Poulett, d. 1743; Thomas Dansie, dated 1739; merchants, John Greenhow (1770), Thomas Hornsby (1769) and Prentis, and lawyer John Tazewell (1768).
Chronology of Site History | Colonial Lots 263 and 264 | |
---|---|---|
1717 | Dec. 11 | Deed of lease to Edward Ripping. |
Dec. 16 | Ripping released the lots to Henry Gill. Gill subsequently built on the property. | |
1720 | Dec. 16 | Will of Henry Gill mentions three lots, presumably 263, 264, & 265, leaving tanyard and buildings to his wife. |
1729 | Nov. 17 | Mrs. Gill dead and property passed to daughter Margaret. |
1740 | Lots 263, 264 & 265 owned by John Gladist, thought to have been husband of Elizabeth Gill. | |
1744 | Feb. 15 | John Wall occupying site. |
1745 | Oct. 17 | Wall conveyed lots 263 and 264 to Thomas Everard. Value then 45 pounds. |
1756 | Aug. 28 | Everard sells two lots, 263 and 264, to Anthony Hay, cabinet maker for 200 pounds. |
1767 | Jan. 6 | Benjamin Bucktrout renting shop from Hay, who had by then purchased the Raleigh Tavern. |
1770 | Dec. | Hay died, but will not settled until 1773. |
1771 | Jan. 3 | Edmund Dickinson, cabinet maker renting shop. |
1774 | July 28 | George Hamilton working with Dickinson as carver, gilder and looking glass maker. |
1778 | July 20 | Dickinson dead and estate appraised. Mrs. Hay still owner of lots. |
1779 | Feb. 22 | Shop used as Public Armoury. |
1782 | Mrs. Hay's two lots valued for land taxes at 2 pounds. | |
1787 | May 23 | Mrs. Hay dead. |
1788 | Mrs. Hay's estate owner of lots, now valued for taxes at 7 pounds. | |
52. | ||
1798 | Joseph Ferguson acquires two lots. | |
1803 | Ferguson dead and lots part of his estate. | |
1819 | Lots had land tax value of $40.00; still Ferguson estate. | |
1820 | Ferguson estate one lot only, tax value $325. for lot and building. | |
1827 | Lot bought by Samuel Griffin. |
The following dating is based on the latest artifacts in each assemblage, and on this evidence, suggests the "throw away" date for the group or deposit. It must be understood that this is merely post quem dating and is subject to revision on the basis of associations between one group and another. It must also be borne in mind that many of the groups contain much that was manufactured and in use long before the final date suggested here.
E.R. Group | Dating | E.R. Index Vol. II |
---|---|---|
191 | Unstratified | 65 |
192 | 1750-1770 | 65 |
192A | c.1750 (one sherd to 1770) | 66 |
193 | Unstratified | 65 |
194 | Unstratified | 65 |
195 | c. 1760 (one sherd to 1780) 228 See 231B | 66 |
195A | Colonial | 66 |
196 | c. 1780 (one sherd to c.1810) | 66 |
197 | 1770-1780 | 66 |
198 | 1770-1780 | 67 |
199 | c.1780 | 67 |
200 | c.1780 | 67 |
201 | c.1775 | 67 |
54. | ||
202 | c.1755-1765 | 68 |
203 | 1730-1750 | 69 |
204 | c.1750 (one sherd to c.1770) | 69 |
205 | c.1760 | 69,85 |
206 | 1760-1770 | 69 |
207 | c.1770 | 72 |
208 | c.1770 | 72,73 |
209 | c.1775 (blue-edged intrusion) | 73 |
210 | c.1735-1745 (two late strays. 1770-1810) | 73 |
211 | ? | 76 |
212 | 1770-1780 | 77 |
213 | 1725-1750 | 77 |
214 | c.1775 | 78 |
215 | 1740-1750 | 78 |
216 | 1740-1760 | 78 |
217 | c.1780 | 80 |
218 | c.1775 | 80 |
219 | Unstratified | 80 |
220 | 1780-1810 | 80 |
221 | 1780-1800 | 81 |
221A | 1780-1790 | 81 |
222 | Unstratified | 83 |
222A | Unstratified | 83 |
223 | 18th Century | 83 |
55. | ||
224A | c.1800 | 83 |
224B | 1800-1820 | 83 |
225 | 1730-1745 | 84 |
226 | c.1825 | 84 |
226A | 1770-1780 | 84 |
227 | pre 1780 | 84 |
227A | 1760-1770 | 84 |
228 | c.1770 | 86 |
229 | c.1750 | 86 |
229A | 1740-1750 | 86 |
230 | Unstratified | 87 |
230A | 1800-1810 | 87 |
230B | c.1775-1780 | 87 |
230C | c.1765-1775 | 89 |
230D | c.1765 | 89 |
230E | Second half c.18 | 89 |
230F | c.1765 | 92 |
230G | c.1750-1760 | 92 |
230H | 1740-1760 | 93 |
230J | 1740-1750 | 93 |
230K | Uncertain | 93 |
231A | Unstratified | 90 |
231B | c.1774 | 90 |
231C | c.1770-1775 | 91 |
56. | ||
231D | 1760-1770 | 92 |
232 | Unstratified | 90 |
233 | c.1770-1780 | 96 |
234 | c.1770 | 96 |
235 | c.1740-1750 | 96 |
236A | Unstratified | 97 |
236B | c.1800-1825 | 97 |
236C | to mid C19. | 97 |
237 | Unstratified | 98 |
237A | Unstratified | 98 |
237B | c.1770-1780 | 98 |
237C | c.1770-1780 | 98 |
237D | c.1775 | 98 |
237E | c.1750-1770 | 99 |
237F | c.1760-1770 | 99 |
237G | 1760-1770 | |
237H | c.1750-1760 | 101 |
237J | c.1775-1780 | 101 |
237K | c.1780 | 106 |
237L | 18th century | 106 |
237M | c.1770 | 106 |
237N | c.1730-1740 | 106 |
238 | c.1770-1780 | 102 |
239 | c.1765-1775 | 102 |
239A | c.1800 | 102 |
57. | ||
240 | 1780-1800 | 103 |
230a | c.1800-1810 | 103 |
241 | c.1770 | 103 |
242 | c.1810 | 103 |
243 | Unstratified | 104 |
243A | c.1780-1800 | 104 |
243B | c.1775-1780 | 104 |
243C | c.1770-1780 | 104 |
243D | c.1770-1780 | 107 |
243E | c.1760-1770 | 107 |
243F | c.1750-1765 | 108 |
243G | c.1770-1780 | 108 |
243H | c.1760-1770 | 109 |
243J | 1760-1780 | 109 |
243K | c.1760-1775 | 109 |
243L | c.1760-1770 | 110 |
243M | c.1760-1770 | 110 |
243N | c.1740-1750 | 111 |
243P | c.1740-1750 | 111 |
243R | c.1740-1750 | 111 |
243S | c.1740-1750 | 111 |
243T | c.1750-1760 | 111 |
243W | c.1720-1740 | 111 |
243X | c.1730-1740 | 115 |
58. | ||
244 | Unstratified (1848 and later) | 108 |
244B | c.1810 | 108 |
245 | c.1740-1760 | 108 |
246 | Unstratified | 108 |
247 | Unstratified | 112 |
247B | c.1770-1775 | 112 |
247C | c.1770-1780 | 112 |
247D | c.1750-1765 | 112 |
247E | c.1740-1760 | 113 |
247F | c.1740-1760 | 113 |
247G | c.1740-1760 | 113 |
248 | c.1740-1750 | 115 |
249 | c.1730-1760 | 116 |
250 | Unstratified | 116 |
251 | Unstratified | 118 |
252 | Unstratified | 118 |
252A | Unstratified | 118 |
252B | Unstratified | 118 |
252C | c.1750-1770 | 118 |
253 | Unstratified | 119 |
253A | c.1750-1765 | 119 |
254 | Unstratified | 120 |
254A | c.1770-1780 | 120 |
254B | c.1740-1760 | 121 |
254C | c.1765-1775 | 122 |
59. | ||
254D | c.1740-1760 | 122 |
254E | c.1770-1775 | 122 |
256 | Unstratified | 127 |
256A | c.1770-1780 | 127 |
256B | c.1770-1775 | 127 |
256C | c.1780-1790 | 127 |
257 | Unstratified | 128 |
257A | c.1770-1780 | 128 |
257B | c.1750-1800 | 128 |
258 | c.1770-1780 | 129 |
259 | c.1770-1780 | 129 |
260 | 19th century | 129 |
261 | c.1810-1830 | 129 |
261A | c.1770 | 129 |
261B | No dating | 130 |
262 | c.1730-1770 | 130 |
263 | c.1770-1780 | 130 |
264 | prior to c. 1756 | 130 |
265 | c.1740-1780 | 131 |
266 | No dating | 132 |
267 | c.1770-1780 | 132 |
268 | c.1730-1750 | 132 |
268A | Prior to 1780 | 132 |
269 | 18th century | 133 |
270 | Unstratified | 133 |
60. | ||
271 | No dating | 133 |
272 | c.1800-1830 | 133 |
272A | Unstratified | 133 |
273 | Unstratified | 134 |
273A | 1790-1810 | 134 |
273B | 1810-1820 | 134 |
273C | None | 134 |
273D | 1750-1765 | 135 |
273E | 1790-1800 | 135 |
274 | 1730-1750 | 136 |
274A | 1730-1750 | 136 |
275 | Unstratified | 136 |
275A | 1800-1810 | 136 |
276 | 1770-1780 | 137 |
277 | 18th century | 137 |
278 | 19th century | 137 |
279 | 18th century | 137 |
280 | 19th century | 138 |
281 | Modern | 138 |
282 | Unstratified | 138 |
283 | 1790-1810 | 138 |
283A | 1790-1810 | 138 |
283B | 1790-1810 | 138 |
283C | 1800-1810 | 138 |
61. | ||
284 | Unstratified | 139 |
284A | 1800-1810 | 139 |
284B | 1810-1820 | 139 |
284C | Disturbed | 139 |
285 | Unstratified | 141 |
286 | 1810-1820 | 141 |
287 | Unstratified | 141 |
288 | Void | |
289 | 1810-1820 | 141 |
289A | 1800-1820 | 141 |
290 | Unstratified | 142 |
290A | 1800-1810 | 142 |
290B | 1810-1820 | 142 |
290C | Post 1775 | 142 |
291 | 1800-1820 | 142 |
292 | 18th century | 142 |
293 | Unstratified | 1 Vol. III |
294 | 1750-1780 | 1 |
295 | Unstratified | 1 |
296 | Unstratified | 1 |
297 | 1810-1830 | 1 |
297A | 1810-1820 | 1 |
328 | 18th century colonial | 11 |
329 | 1740-1760 | 11 |
330 | 1800-1810 | 11 |
62. | ||
330A | 1790-1800 | 11 |
331 | Unstratified | 12 |
332 | 1800-1820 | 12 |
332A | 1810-1820 | 13 |
333 | 1770-1780 | 13 |
334 | Disturbed | 13 |
335 | 1790-1810 | 14 |
336 | Colonial ? | 14 |
337 | 1770-1780 | 14 |
337A | 1755-1765 | 15 |
337B | 18th century | 15 |
337C | 1740-1760 | 15 |
337D | Unstratified | 15 |
337E | Unstratified | 15 |
337F | Unstratified | 16 |
338 | 18th century | 16 |
339 | No dating | 16 |
340 | 1810-1830 | 16 |
341 | 1800-1815 | 17 |
341A | 1800-1815 | 17 |
341B | 1740-1760 | 17 |
341C | Unstratified | 17 |
341D | Unstratified | 17 |
342 | 18th century | 21 |
343 | 1790-1800 | 21 |
343A | Unstratified | 21 |
63. | ||
344 | Unstratified | 21 |
344A | 1790-1810 | 21 |
344B | 1780-1800 | 21 |
345 | 1810-1820 | 21 |
345A | 1810-1820 | 23 |
346 | Unstratified | 23 |
346A | 1770-1780 | 23 |
347 | 1775-1785 | 23 |
348 | Unstratified | 24 |
348A | 1740-1760 | 24 |
348B | 18th century | 24 |
348C | 1770-1790 | 24 |
349 | No dating | 25 |
349A | 18th century | 25 |
350 | Disturbed | 25 |
350A | 1770-1780 | 25 |
350B | 18th century | 25 |
351 | 1770-1800 | 25 |
352 | 18th century | 26 |
353 | Unstratified | 26 |
353A | 1800-1810 | 26 |
353B | 1780-1800 | 26 |
353C | 1760-1780 | 26 |
354 | Unstratified | 26 |
355 | Unstratified | 27 |
64. | ||
355A | 19th century | 27 |
355B | 1770-1790 | 27 |
355C | 1730-1750 | 27 |
355D | 1770-1780 | 27 |
355E | 1710-1730 | 27 |
356 | 1790-1810 | 27 |
356A | 1800-1815 | 28 |
357 | Unstratified | 28 |
358 | Unstratified | 31 |
358A | 19th century | 31 |
358B | 18th century | 31 |
358C | 1790-1810 | 31 |
359 | Unstratified | 31 |
359A | No dating | 32 |
359B | No dating | 32 |
360 | Unstratified | 32 |
360A | 1825-1850 | 32 |
361 | Unstratified | 33 |
361A | 1810-1820 | 33 |
361B | 1810-1820 | 33 |
361C | 1810-1820 | 33 |
361D | 1810-1820 | 33 |
361E | 1810-1820 | 33 |
361F | 1810-1820 | 34 |
361G | 1810-1820 | 34 |
65. | ||
361H | 1800-1810 | 34 |
361J | 1790-1800 | 34 |
361K | 1800-1810 | 34 |
361L | 1790-1815 | 34 |
361M | 1785-1800 | 34 |
298 | No dating | 2 |
299 | No dating | 2 |
300 | 1800-1810 | 2 |
301 | post 1775-1780 | 2 |
302 | 1800-1810 | 3 |
303 | 1800-1810 | 3 |
304 | 1800-1820 | 4 |
305 | 1735-1750 | 3 |
305A | 1740-1755 | 4 |
306 | 1770-1780 | 4 |
307 | No dating | 4 |
308 | 1800-1810 | 6 |
309 | 1820-1830 | 6 |
310 | 18th century | 6 |
310A | 1780-1800 | 6 |
310B | Late 18th century | 6 |
311 | 1790-1810 | 6 |
312 | 18th century colonial | 6 |
313 | 18th century colonial | 6 |
66. | ||
314 | 1770-1790 | 8 |
315 | 1800-1810 | 8 |
316-321 | Back hoe cuttings (see separate listing Appendix VIII) | |
322 | 1790-1800 | 8 |
322A | 1800-1815 | 8 |
323 | 1800-1815 | 10 |
324 | 1770-1790 | 10 |
325 | 1810-1820 | 10 |
326 | 1810-1820 | 10 |
327 | void | 11 |
361N | 18th century | 35 |
361P | 18th century | 35 |
362 | Unstratified | 35 |
362A | 1775-1785 | 35 |
362B | 1770-1780 | 36 |
362C | 1770-1780 | 42 |
363 | Unstratified | 35 |
363A | 1810-1820 | 35 |
363B | 1770-1780 | 35 |
364 | 1750-1800 | 36 |
364A | 1765-1775 | 36 |
364B | 1765-1775 | 36 |
364C | 1720-1750 | 37 |
364D | 1740-1760 | 37 |
67. | ||
364E | 1740-1760 | 38 |
364F | 18th century | 38 |
365 | 1770-1780 | 37 |
366 | 1780-1800 | 37 |
367 | 19th century | 38 |
367A | 18th century | 38 |
368 | 1810-1820 | 39 |
369 | Unstratified | 39 |
369A | 1790-1810 | 39 |
369B | 1770-1780 | 39 |
369C | 1760-1770 | 39 |
369D | 1755-1765 | 39 |
369E | 1750-1765 | 40 |
369F | 1750-1760 | 40 |
369G | 1740-1760 | 40 |
369H | 1755-1765 | 40 |
369J | 1735-1745 | 40 |
369K | Unstratified | 40 |
370 | Unstratified | 41 |
370A | 1780-1800 | 41 |
370B | 1750-1770 | 41 |
370C | 1760-1770 | 42 |
371 | 1775-1785 | 41 |
372 | 18th century | 43 |
68. | ||
373 | 1765-1775 | 43 |
374 | Unstratified | 43 |
375 | 18th century | 42 |
A. Hay Shop | B. Shop extension and stream | C. Shop chimney. | D. Other. |
Provenance | E.R. Number | Date Range | Number of fragments |
---|---|---|---|
B | 191 | Unstratified | 2 |
B | 199 | c. 1780 | 1 |
B | 200 | c. 1780 | 5 |
B | 206 | c. 1760-1770 | 1 |
B | 208 | c. 1770 | 1 |
B | 214 | c. 1775 | 2 |
A | 221 | c. 1780-1800 | 1 |
B | 222 | Unstratified | 1 |
B | 222A | Unstratified | 1 |
B | 224A | c. 1800 | |
A | 226 | c. 1825 | 2 |
A | 227A | pre 1780 | 2 |
B | 228 | c. 1770 | 2 |
B | 230 | Unstratified | 1 |
B | 230B | c. 1775-1780 | 1 |
B | 230C | c. 1765-1775 | 4 |
B | 230D | c. 1765 | 2 |
B | 230G | c. 1750-1760 | 1 |
B | 231B | c. 1775 | 3 |
B | 231C | c. 1770-1775 | 4 |
B | 237J | c. 1775-1780 | 1 |
70. | |||
B | 237D | c. 1775 | 2 |
A | 239 | c. 1765-1775 | 4 |
A | 239A | c. 1800 | 1 |
A | 240A | c. 1800-1840 | 1 |
A | 241 | c. 1770 | 1 |
A | 242 | c. 1810 | 2 |
B | 243 | Unstratified | 1 |
B | 243D | c. 1770-1780 | 1 |
B | 243N | c. 1740-1750 | 1 |
B | 243W | c. 1720-1740 | 1 |
B | 247B | c. 1770-1775 | 1 |
B | 247G | c. 1740-1760 | 1 |
B | 254 | Unstratified | 1 |
B | 254A | c. 1770-1780 | 1 |
B | 254E | c. 1770-1775 | 1 |
C | 256 | Unstratified | 1 |
C | 256B | c. 1770-1775 | 1 |
C | 256C | c. 1780-1790 | 1 |
C | 257 | Unstratified | 1 |
C | 257A | c. 1770-1780 | 7 |
C | 257B | c. 1750-1800 | 1 |
C | 263 | c. 1770-1780 | 1 |
C | 267 | c. 1770-1780 | 5 |
D | 273 | Unstratified | 1 |
D | 341B | c. 1740-1760 | 1 |
D | 359 | Unstratified | 1 |
Location | Measurements | Color |
---|---|---|
West wall of shop | 8 3/8 x 3 ¾ x 2 ¾" | Pale salmon |
Boxed specimen section | 8 ½ x 3 ¾ x 2 11/16" | Dark salmon |
Shop, 1949 excavation | 8 ½ x 3 7/8 x 2 7/8" | Pale purple |
8 ½ x 3 5/8 x 3" | Dark salmon | |
Shop extension, S.W. Pier | 8 ½ x 4 1/8 x 2 ½" | Pal salmon |
Shop extension, S.E. Pier | 8 ¾ x 4 ¼ x 2 ¾" | Pale salmon |
Shop extension, N.E. Pier | 8 x 3 ¾ x 2 ¾" | Purple |
Residence, 1949 excavation | 8 ¼ x 3 7/8 2 ½" | Dark salmon |
8 ¼ x 3 7/8 x 2 ½" | Pale purple | |
Kitchen chimney | 8 ½ x 3 7/8 x 3" | Dark salmon |
Wellhead | 8 ½ x 4 x 2 ¾" | Purple |
Well at 18'0", worn, E.R. 361K | 8 ¼ x 4 x 2 ¾" | Purple |
Primary silt beside well. Tapered, well | 6 7/8 x 4 5/8 x 3 ¼ x 2 3/8" | Pale salmon |
6 ¾ x 4 ½ x 3 3/16 x 2 ¼" | Pale salmon | |
7 x 4 ¾ & 3 3/8 x 2 ½" | Pale salmon | |
Stream. Tapered, well E.R. 237H | 7 ¼ x 4 ¾ & 3 ½ x 2 ½" | Pale salmon |
Stream, Hay period E.R. 243M | 9 ¼ x 4 ¾ x 2 ½" | Dark salmon |
Stream, Hay period E.R. 200 | 7 ½ x 3 ½ x 1 7/8" | Dark salmon |
72. | ||
Stream, Hay/Dickinson period E.R. 205 | - x 3 ½ x 1 ¾" | Black exterior, red core, extremely hard and very heavy |
Stream, predating Shop construction E.R. 235 | 8 ½ x 3 7/8 x 2 ¾" | Purple |
8 ¼ x 3 ¾ x 2 7/8" | Pink | |
Stream, Hay period. E.R. 247F | 8 3/8 x 3 1/8 x 2 ¾" | Dark Salmon |
From stratum disturbed when well head was built. E.R. 364C | 8 ¼ x 4 x 2 5/8" | Purple* |
Location | Measurements | Color |
---|---|---|
Shop, S.E. corner | 8 ¾ x 3 ¾ x 2 5/8" | Dark red |
Shop, east wall, pier south of chimney | 8 5/8 x 3 ¾ x 2 13/16" | Dark salmon |
Shop, east wall, pier north of chimney | 8 ½ x 3 ¾ x 2 ¾" | Purplish red |
Shop, west wall | 8 ½ x 3 ¾ x 2 7/8" | Dark salmon |
Shop extension, N.E. pier | 7 7/8 x 3 ¾ x 2 ¾" | Pale salmon |
Shop extension, S.E. pier | 8 ½ x 4 5/16 x 2 5/8" | Salmon |
Shop extension, S.W. surviving pier | 8 5/8 x 4 3/16 x 2 9/16" | Salmon |
Shop extension, destruction debris, north of, E.R. 243A | 8 ½ x 3 ½ x 2 1/8" | Dark salmon |
8 ½ x 3 ¾ x 2 5/8" | Dark salmon to purple | |
73. | ||
Kitchen chimney | 8 5/8 x 3 7/8 x 2 ½" | Dark salmon |
8 ½ x 3 7/8 x 2" | Dark salmon to purple | |
Kitchen, S.E. pier | 8 5/8 x 4 1/16 x 2 5/8" | Salmon |
8 ¼ x 3 ¾ x 2 3/8" | Pale pink | |
Kitchen, N.W. corner | 8 x 3 7/8 x 3" | Pale pink |
8 x 3 7/8 x 2 7/8" | Pink to purple | |
Kitchen, north pier or wall | 8 3/8 x 3 7/8 x 3" | Pink to purple |
8 ¼ x 3 ¾ x 2 ½" | Pink to purple | |
Residence, N.E. corner | 8 x 3 7/8 x 2 11/16" | Dark salmon |
Residence, chimney foundation | 7 7/16 x 3 ¾ x 2 3/16" | Dark salmon |
7 ¾ x 3 ¾ x 2 3/16" | Dark salmon | |
Residence, debris south of chimney foundation | 8 ¾ x 4 ¼ x 2 3/8" | Pale salmon |
7 ½ x 4 9/16 x 2 7/16" | Pale salmon | |
9 x 4 5/8 x 2 ½" | Pale salmon | |
Residence, paving south of | 8 5/8 x 4 1/8 x 2 ¼" | Dark salmon |
8 ½ x 4 5/16 x 2 ¼" | Dark salmon | |
Tiles from the above | 9 x 9 x 2 ½" | Salmon to purple |
A. Hay Shop. | B. Shop extension and stream. | C. Residence. |
D. Kitchen. | E. Well | F. Other. |
All objects are of iron unless otherwise stated.
Description of Item | E.R. Number | Provenance | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bolt | 231D | B | 1 | |
Escutcheon, keyhole | 254E | B | 1 | |
Grating, circular | 243W | B | 1 | |
Hasps, large | 200, 237J, 243K, 248 | B | 4 | |
Hasp & door bar | 247F | B | 1 | |
Hinges, butt | 243L | B | 1 | |
Butterfly | 191 | B | 1 | |
H, decorative | 243K,247C,337,361C | B,E | 4 | |
HL, large | 247G,273,361E | B,C,E | 3 | |
HL, small | 293 | D | 1 | |
gate, specialized | 361L | E | 1 | |
offset | 243K | B | 1 | |
pintle only | 237H,237N,247G | B | 3 | |
strap, small | 194,229,230F,230H,243K,276,309,364A | B,C,D | 8 | |
strap, large | 192A,228(3),247F,248,303,364B,370A | B,D,F | 9 | |
strap, decorative | 364B | B | 1 | |
strap, double | 257A | A | 1 | |
questionable | 337,369J | B | 2 | |
75. | ||||
Description of Item | E.R. Number | Provenance | Total | |
Hook, | fireplace | 361G | E | 1 |
Keys, | large | 230C,243C,363 | A,B | 3 |
small | 192,209,223,247F,258,361M(2),362 | B,C,E,F | 8 | |
Knob, | brass | 363B | F | 1 |
Latch, | ornamental | 243K | B | 1 |
plain | 247G | B | 1 | |
Lock, | bolts | 230C,243W | B | 2 |
rim, large | 196,200,209,211,231D,243C,247G,248 | B | 8 | |
rim, small | 248 | B | 1 | |
wooden case | 229,243M | B | 2 | |
Staples, | large | 192,243K,247D | B | 3 |
small | 200 | B | 1 | |
squared | 231D,233 | B,C | 2 | |
Straps | 192,247F(2) | B | 2 |
All fragments are from the vicinity of the stream unless otherwise stated.
Description of item | E.R. Number | Number of fragments |
---|---|---|
White marble, finished on one surface, 1 ¼" thickness. | 237F | 2 |
White marble, finished on one surface, traces of broken moulding 1 1/8" thickness. | 247G | 1 |
White, veined marble, surface and one edge finished, 1" thickness. | 243K | 1 |
White marble, finished on one surface and edge, red lead on the latter, 1" thickness. | 231D | 1 |
White Portland stone, finished on one surface and edge, 1 1/16" thickness. | 231C | 1 |
Grey limestone, polished on one surviving surface, 1 ½" or more in thickness. | 191 | 1 |
Granite, slab fragment, 1 5/16" thickness. | 237J | 1 |
Grey schist, slab fragment, 5/8" thickness. | 233 | 1 |
Micacious schist, grey floor slab, one finished surface and one cut edge, 1 ¼" thickness. | 230D | 1 |
Micacious schist, grey floor slab, one finished surface, 1 ½" thickness. | 247G | 1 |
Slate, black roofing, 3/16" thickness. | 247F | 1 |
Dense black slate, finished on both faces. (Belgian marble?) 15/16" thickness. | 243G | 1 |
77. | ||
Purbeck paving slab, measuring 22 x 20 x 3". Hay well. | 361H | 1 |
Purbeck paving slab, measuring 15 x 12 x 1 ¼". Hay well. | 361J | 1 |
Purbeck paving slab, measuring 16 x 16 x 3". Hay well. | 361L | 1 |
Purbeck paving slab, measuring 20 x 12 x 3". Hay well. | 361J | 1 |
N.B. The descriptions given above are tentative, pending full identification by a geologist.
This list only includes items from the vicinity of the shop and stream.
Description of item | E.R.Number | Total |
---|---|---|
TOOLS | ||
Auger bit | 240A | 1 |
Chisels, broad | 191,206,228,229,229A,230C,231D,243M,247F,256A(2),237 | 13 |
Chisels, narrow | 192,198,227A,231D,247D | 5 |
Chisels, morticing | 228,256B | 2 |
Chisels, small | 229 | 1 |
Chisels, uncertain | 227A | 1 |
Files, half-round* | 217,229,230D(2),231C,231D,233,243K,243L,256,256A | 11 |
Files, rectangular | 247S | 1 |
Files, triangular | 192,221,228(2),230D,230F,231D(2),237H,243K,247D(2),256A(3),257A(2),263(3),310,337A(2),364B,364C. | 25 |
Gouge bit | 331 | 1 |
Gouges, small | 228 | 1 |
Grindstones, sandstone | 230,237F,247F | 3 |
Plane blades or irons | 194,205,209(2),228(2),231C(2),231D(2),243G,243M,247C,256A,257A,269G | 16 |
Punches | 191,192,209 | 3 |
Rasps | 231B | 1 |
Spiral bit | 362A | 1 |
Spoon bit | 256A | 1 |
79. | ||
FURNITURE FRAGMENTS (wood) | ||
Board with leather. Chair? | 205 | 1 |
Chair, arm from? | 243R | 1 |
Chair leg fragment | 243S | 1 |
Chair leg with caster | 209 | 1 |
Chair crest rail | 230F | 1 |
Chest base ? fragment | 216 | 1 |
Grooved and offset fragment | 237H | 1 |
Leg, table | 243K | 1 |
Moulding | 243S | 1 |
FURNITURE HARDWARE (Brass) | ||
Bolts, drawer pull | 200,221,230G,239,257A,263 | 6 |
Casters | 239,356A | 2 |
Clock fitting | 230B | 1 |
Covers, keyhole | 230C | 1 |
Devices, decorative | 191,221,230B | 1 |
Escutcheons, drawer pull | 224B,229A,230C,230E,239A,247B,247C,Unstrat. | 8 |
Escutcheons, keyhole | 195,205,230D,230E,231C,243,263 | 7 |
Escutcheons, various | 256A,257A(4) | 5 |
Fitting, miscellaneous | 222A,229A,237A(2),256A(3) | 7 |
Handles, drop | 191(2),192,193,198,228,233,257A | 8 |
Hinges, butterfly | 257A | 1 |
Hinges, cabinet | 229A,231C | 2 |
Hinges, trimmings from | 213(3),221,224B,231C,237,237A,240,256A(11),256B,247(7),263 | 29 |
80. | ||
Hinges, trimmings, decorative | 214,237,239,243M,247F,256A(2),277A(2),263 | 10 |
Knobs, desk slider | 214,239 | 2 |
Latches, cabinet door | 230E | 1 |
Nails, brass | 221(2),231D,257A(2) | 5 |
Tacks, upholstery | 191(2),192(2),199(3),200(2),220,221(43),222,224B,227,227A(4),228,229(3),229A,230C(11),230D(6),230e(6),231B(2),231C(25),231D(19),237A,239(21),239A(2),240(3),240A,241,256A(216),257A(229),263(78) | 686 |
Tacks, upholstery, large | 247F,264A | 2 |
FURNITURE HARDWARE (Iron) | ||
Escutcheon | 229A | 1 |
Hasps | 243C,247C | 2 |
Locks, | ||
cabinet | 198(3),200,228,231B(2),237F,241D,256A(2) | 11 |
chest | 230C(3),364B | 4 |
OTHER ITEMS PROBABLY ASSOCIATED | ||
Lead, white | 231Dd | 1 |
Mirror plate | Large quantities in most stream groups | |
Paint, in bottle bottom, red | 231D | 1 |
Paint in chamber pot, red and white | 231D(also on other such sherds from stream) | |
Pencils, slate | 228,237A,243K,247C | 4 |
Rule, folding, hinges of | 221,239A,256A,263 | 4 |
The following information was gleaned from test cuttings made with a mechanical ditch-digger in three E/W cuttings through the colonial stream bed, and one N/S cut along the crest of the west bank or side of the stream valley.
The work was undertaken during the month of May, 1960 and was supervised by Mr. Paul Buchanan and the writer. Subsequently Messrs. Carter and Thompson recorded the lines of the cuttings as well as the modern grade elevations beneath which, and between which, measurements had been taken in inches and feet.
The data tabulated below is derived from an analysis of both the notes and artifacts recovered during the above operation.
Cutting No. 1
Cutting No. 2
Cutting No. 3
This, the longest of the trenches, was cut north from the bank sloping away from Nicholson Street at a point directly west of the 18th century house foundation (Hay "residence") to the edge of the landscaped section of the lot. The results of this operation were largely negative. Natural clay was found at a depth of approximately 2'0" all along the cutting and thus provided a point above which the 18th century grade must have lain. The existing topsoil was too disturbed and the excavation too hasty for any further details to be obtained.
Very few artifacts were recovered from the topsoil. However, at a point along the cutting on a line east from the Tayloe main outbuilding a small pocket of bottle and ceramic fragments were found in black soil at a depth of 1'0" and dated up to c1790-1800. Directly west of the house foundation a 2" to 7" stratum of oystershells was overlaid by late 18th and 19th century artifacts. From between the shells came one pearl ware sherd, one late creamware 90. fragment, part of an iron pot and 18th century bottle glass. These indicate that the shells were not deposited prior to c.1780.
Cutting No. 4
Cutting No. 4A
Cutting No. 1 | Cutting No. 2 | Cutting No. 4 | Cutting No. 4A | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reading E/W from stream bed at 8'0" intervals. | Reading as No. 1 | Reading W/E from stream bed at 8'0" intervals. | Reading S/N on the 64'0" axis of No. 4 | ||||
0. | 61.8 | 0. | 62.2 | 0. | 65.2 | 0. | 76.0 |
8. | 64.9 | 8. | 65.3 | 8. | 68.9 | 8&64. | 76.1 |
16. | 65.2 | 16. | 65.4 | 16. | 69.1 | 16. | 75.7 |
24. | 65.2 | 24. | 65.5 | 24. | 69.4 | ||
32. | 65.6 | 32. | 65.9 | 32. | 71.2 | ||
40. | 66.0 | 40. | 66.9 | 40. | 72.4 | ||
48. | 66.5 | 48. | 67.5 | 48. | 73.7 | ||
56. | 67.0 | 56. | 68.0 | 56. | 75.7 | ||
64. | 67.4 | 64. | 68.2 | 64. | 76.1 | ||
72. | 68.6 | 72. | 76.2 | ||||
80. | 69.2 | 80. | 76.4 | ||||
88. | 69.9 | 88. | 76.9 | ||||
96. | 77.4 | ||||||
104. | 78.0 | ||||||
112. | 78.8 |
It should be noted that the above elevations are taken at staked points lying approximately 5'0" north of the actual line of excavation, except in the case of Cutting 4A where the stakes lie approximately 3'0" to the west of the line of excavation. It should further be noted that Cutting No. 4 was moved 8'0" to the north after the 64'0" stake at 72'0" so as to avoid cutting significant tree roots.
The following inventory of Hay's possessions is derived from the Colonial Williamsburg Research Report on the Raleigh Tavern. Its absence from the Research Report on the Nicholson Street shop and residence sites might infer that the contents of the inventory are not relevant to that property. However, it seems reasonable to suppose that the inventory includes many items that would have seen service both at the Raleigh and at Hay's home. Those items listed in the inventory that appear to parallel artifacts found in the excavations have been asterisked.
It is significant that although this inventory was made at the death of Anthony Hay in 1771, his widow remained at their home until her own demise sixteen years later. Thus, many of the items listed in the inventory would have continued in service during the latter period and may therefore have found their way into the ground in the course of those years.
3 bedsteads 30/, 3 beds, 3 bolsters, 3 pillows 200/ | 11/10/0 |
2 matts, 1 hide 6/3, 1 pine table 3/9 | 0/10/0 |
1 bedstead, 1 bed, 1 bolster, 1 pillow and matt | 4/10/0 |
1 small looking glass 7/6, 1 old walnut table 5/ | 0/12/6 |
1 chest 10/, 1 cloathes press 20/, 11 old prints (Caesars) | 2/2/0 |
1 bedstead and striped Holloan curtains, 1 bed, 1 bolster 1 pillow and hide | 7/0/0 |
1 pine table | 0/3/9 |
103. | |
2 bedsteads, red striped curtains, 2 beds, 2 bolsters, 2 pillows and 2 hides | 14/0/0 |
3 white window curtains 7/6, 1 pine table 3/9 | 0/11/3 |
2 bedsteads. 2 matts, 2 beds, 2 pillows, 2 bolsters | 8/0/0 |
1 small looking glass 5/, 1 fender and poker 2/6, 1 pine table | 0/11/3 |
2 bedsteads and blue check curtains, 1 hide, 2 beds, 2 bolsters 2 pillows | 13/0/0 |
23 chamber pots* and 2 basons* 25/, 1 pine table 5/ | 1/10/0 |
2 bedsteads, 2 matts, 2 beds, 2 pillows, 2 bolsters, 1 pine table | 7/0/0 |
1 bedstead, 1 bed, 1 bolster, 1 pillow, 1 walnut table 7/6 | 4/7/6 |
3 bedsteads, 2 hides, 3 beds, 3 bolsters, 3 pillows, matt | 13/0/0 |
1 table | 0/3/9 |
2 bedsteads and curtains, 1 hide, 2 beds, 2 bolsters, pillows | 14/0/0 |
1 looking glass 1/6, 1 pine table 3/9 | 0/15/3 |
1 bason stand, bason and bottle | 0/10/0 |
2 bedsteads and curtains, 2 hides, 2 beds, 2 bolsters 2 pillows | 12/0/0 |
1 bason stand and bottle 10/, 1 pine table 5/, 1 fender 2/6 | 0/17/6 |
2 bedsteads, 1 hide, 1 matt, 2 beds, a bolsters, 4 pillows | 10/0/0 |
1 pine table | 0/3/9 |
70 blankets | 31/10/0 |
11 Dutch do. | 4/2/6 |
35 counterpanes | 35/0/0 |
40 pair of sheets | 35/0/0 |
37 pillow cases | 3/14/0 |
104. | |
1 glass lanthorn at the stair foot | 1/0/0 |
6 French plate candlestick | 9/0/0 |
16 china bowls* | 14/7/6 |
6 silver punch ladles, 4 silver salts and shovels | 9/0/0 |
2 silver punch strainers, 1 glass lamp | 2/15/0 |
18 wine glasses*, 1 mahogany tea board 12/6 | 1/2/6 |
3 rims and castors, 4 china coffee cups* | 1/7/6 |
1 china jar, 1 milk pot, 2 china stands | 0/5/9 |
10 china saucers* and 8 cups | 0/12/6 |
2 china butter saucers 7/6, 1 do. sugar dish 5/ | 0/12/6 |
1 red canister 2/, 1 walnut knife box 3/9 | 0/5/9 |
63 white handled knifes* 59 do forks* 50/, 1 carving knife 1/3 | 2/11/3 |
2 pair of snuffers* | 0/3/0 |
1 looking glass 40/, 2 four foot square walnut tables | 5/0/0 |
1 mahony card table 40/, 9 chairs 67/6 | 5/7/6 |
1 back gammon table 5/, 1 iron fender 5/, 1 large black jack | 0/15/0 |
1 walnut card table 25/, 1 do. corner table 25/, 1 do. square | 4/5/0 |
10 chairs 70/, 1 fender and blower 10 | 4/0/0 |
3 large oval mahogany tables | 9/0/0 |
1 mahogany corner do. 20/, 12 chairs 90/ 2 looking glasses | 10/10/0 |
1 fender and poker 7/6, a parcel of brass sconces, cloak pins etc. | 2/7/6 |
1 bedstead and curtains 160/, 1 bed, 1 bolster, 1 pillow | 16/10/0 |
1 book case and desk 120/, 1 small walnut square table 15/ | 6/15/0 |
105. | |
1 fender and poker 3/9, 1 chair 7/6, 1 looking glass 20/ | 1/11/3 |
1 gun lock 12/6,* 1 pair of shoe boots | 1/7/6 |
1 press bedstead, 1 bed 1 bolster, 1 matt, 1 pair sheets 3 blankets | 5/0/0 |
1 walnut desk 40/, 1 pine chest of drawers 10/ 1 beaufet 40/ | 4/10/0 |
44 china saucers and 17 cups 20/, 11 do. coffee cups 2/6 | 1/2/6 |
4 large china cups and saucers 8/ | 0/8/0 |
9 Queens china coffee cups and 10 do. saucers* | 0/5/0 |
2 do. milk pots 2 do. tea pots | 0/3/0 |
1 tin canister 20/, 2 china bowls 7/6 | 1/7/6 |
4 window curtains 12/6, 1 Japan plate warmer 10/ | 1/2/6 |
1 large scale box, scales and weights 20/, 1 fender 3/9 | 1/3/9 |
24 brass candlesticks 105/,* 1 pine table 3/9, 12 wine glasses 7/6 | 5/16/3 |
3 china bowls 10/, 3 decanters 15/,* 6 pair snuffers 3/9 | 1/8/9 |
2 pr. lime squeezers 3/9, 6 pewter ink stands 7/6* | 0/11/3 |
1 walnut bedstead and curtains 100/, 1 oak do. do. 80/ | 9/0/0 |
4 beds, 4 bolsters, 6 pillows 500/, 1 hide 2/6 | 25/2/6 |
1 square walnut table 25/, 6 chairs, 1 fender 12/6 | 0/13/6 |
14 coloured prints 20/, 1 mattrass 40/ | 3/0/0 |
11 small square walnut tables 260/, 2 horse shoe do. 40/ | 15/0/0 |
2 large square do. 140/, 1 large oval mahogany do. 80/ | 11/0/0 |
1 small cherry do. 10/, 2 mahogany card tables 140/ | 7/10/0 |
1 large oval walnut do. 50/, 1 mahogany card table 25/ | 3/15/0 |
1 pine press 20/, 1 billiard table 500/, 2 mahogany fire skreens 60/ | 29/0/0 |
106. | |
1 book stand 2/6, 1 walnut plate tray, 1 mahogany tea do. 5/ | 0/7/6 |
33 chairs, 1 close stool do. 355/, 11 brass sconces 27/6 | 19/2/6 |
1 large fender 10/, 1 plate warmer 5/, 1 large old carpet 15/ | 1/10/0 |
3 round mahogany tea boards 17/6, 2 Venetian Blinds 15/ | 1/12/6 |
2 coffee mills 12/6, 2 new deep pewter dishes 17/6 | 1/10/0 |
4 new flat pewter dishes 26/, 15 bottles different sorts 1/3* | 1/7/3 |
3 ½ doz. new pewter soop plates 70/, 22 flat do. 44/ | 5/14/0 |
4 tin canisters 1/3, 2 brass headed fire dogs 12/6 | 0/13/9 |
3 pots sweetmeats and syrup | 2/0/0 |
412 peices of glass ware for pyramids etc. | 15/0/0 |
5 bedsteads, 2 mattrasses 135/, 4 beds, 4 bolsters, 1 pillow 200/ | 16/15/0 |
2 hides, 1 matt 10/, 4 pr. window curtains 20/, 2 pine tables | 1/17/6 |
2 bedsteads, 2 beds 2 bolsters, 1 pillow, 1 hide | 10/10/0 |
122 china plates* | 7/12/6 |
4 do. dishes 30/, 2 do. tart plates 5/, 6 do butter plates | 2/15/0 |
139 Queens china plates* 57/6, 38 stone cups and saucers 5/* | 3/2/6 |
5 stone pickle shells 3/, ? 4 Queens china butter boats 5/ | 0/8/0 |
2 large coloured stone tea pots 1/3,* 2 Queens china turin and dishes | 2/16/3 |
2 Queens china fish strainers 5/, 5 do. sauce boats and dishes and 2 spoons 15/ | 1/0/0 |
8 do egg cups 2/6, 1 delft sallad dish 7 ½* | 0/3/1 ½ |
2 Queens china fruit baskets 5/, 5 do. fruit dishes 10/ | 0/15/0 |
107. | |
34 do. dishes 60/, 6 do. corner do 15/ | 3/15/0 |
3 doz. white stone plates 10/*, 34 do. dishes 40/* | 2/10/0 |
67 tin tart moulds 25/*, 11 pickle and other bottles 6/* | 1/11/0 |
10 butter pots 12/, 1 pair brass scales and weights 5/ | 0/17/0 |
10 brass chafing dishes 27/, 1 hand bell and 4 tin canisters | 1/19/6 |
2 tin kettles, 1 table bell, 4/, 11 stone tart pans 1/3 | 0/5/3 |
1 cloaths brush 1/3, 1 pine press, 1 corner cupboard 40/ | 2/1/3 |
2 pine tables | 0/12/6 |
36 table clothes, 16 napkins | 48/0/0 |
4 pr. brown sheets 10/, 1 delft pickle dish 1/3 | 0/11/3 |
1 new table cloth and 10 napkins not made up | 5/0/0 |
3 large copper tea kettles 40/*, 2 do. boilers 40/ | 4/0/0 |
1 do. coffee pot, 1 do chocolate pot 30/, 2 do. fish kettles | 4/10/0 |
1 do. dripping pan 15/, 2 iron do 5/ | 1/0/0 |
2 copper Dutch ovens 40/, 4 tin do 5/, 1 do. cullinder 2/6 | 2/7/6 |
1 spice morter and pestle 5/, 2 frying pans 5/, | 0/10/0 |
1 marble morter 7/6, 1 pr. stake tongs and 2 gridirons 15/ | 1/2/6 |
1 iron chafing dish, 2 spits 25/, 1 plate basket, 6 iron pots | 4/0/0 |
4 pot hooks, 5 racks, 42/6, 1 pr. dogs*, 2 flesh forks* and 2 spit racks | 4/17/6 |
1 pair tongs*, 1 shovel, 1 jack | 3/0/0 |
3 tin pans, 3 do. dish covers, 2 bell mettle skillets | 1/5/0 |
4 trays, 10 washing tubs*, and pails 20/ | 1/8/0 |
2 tin coffee pots, 2 pine tables, 2 copper coal skuttles | 1/5/0 |
108. | |
2 large copper kettles 240/, 1 kettle trivit, 5 flat irons | 13/5/0 |
1 cloathes horse, 1 large pine table, 26 pewter dishes | 7/10/0 |
10 dozen and 5 pewter plates | 9/7/6 |
6 water plates, 2 coolers, 1 warming pan, 1 tin cistern | 2/5/0 |
List of stock | |
3 bedsteads and curtains, 3 beds, 3 bolsters, 3 pillows | 18/0/0 |
9 blankets, 3 counterpanes, 12 chairs | 9/0/0 |
1 square walnut table, 1 walnut dressing tables | 3/5/0 |
1 mahogany chest of drawers, 1 pr. tongs and poker | 4/2/6 |
28 silver tea spoons and 1 pair of sugar tongs* | 5/0/0 |
22 do. table spoons | 12/0/0 |
List of rum etc. | |
16 panes glass, 10 inches by 12 | 0/10/0 |
23 bottles oil, 3 brass cocks*, a parcel empty casks | 1/11/9 |
2 large iron backs*, 6 butter pots | 6/15/0 |
1 small carpet, 18 doz. maidera wine | 33/3/0 |
List of slaves |
Hay's will had provided that all his estate be given to his executors, John Greenhow, Matthew Davenport, William Trebell and Robert Nicholson "for the sole purpose of paying" his just debts. In accordance with this clause in the will, the executors advertised the sale of the property in the columns of the Virginia Gazette (Purdie & Dixon):
To Be SOLD, on WEDNESDAY the 6th of March, pursuant to the last Will and Testament of Mr . Anthony Hay, deceased .
THAT noted and well accustomed Tavern in Williamsburg, called the RALEIGH, which has every Convenience to it, and exceeding fine Stable and Pasture adjoining. At the same Time will be sold the Stock of LIQUORS, a great quantity of HOUSEHOLD and KITCHEN FURNITURE, some CHAIRS and HARNESS, CARTS, and HORSES, CATTLE, SHEEP, &c.— Also a very good DWELLING HOUSE on the back Street, where Mr. Hay formerly lived, "with large Cabinet Maker's Shop and Timber Yard, and all necessary Outhouses for a Family.— And on Tuesday the 7th of May will be sold, before the Raleigh Door, nineteen NEGROES belonging to the said Estate among them a very good Cabinet Maker, a good Coachman and Carter, some fine Waiting Boys, good Cooks, Washers, &c.— Six months Credit mill be allowed for all Sums above five Pounds, the Purchaser giving Bond and Security; and for the Raleigh, the Time of Payment will be agreed on at the day of Sale.
WILLIAM TREBELL, ROBERT NICOLSON,)Executors
I have pleasure in submitting for your consideration the first two volumes of the Anthony Hay Archaeological report.
There are the usual four copies in all, three of which have been given to Mrs. Goff for accession. I shall be grateful if, having read the top copy, and always supposing that it meets with your approval, that you will pass it on to Mrs. Goff so that she has a record of all four copies.
I would like at this time to express my appreciation for the excellent work and cooperation that I have received in this project from Mr. Knight without whom Volume I would have been a very sorry compilation.
I am hoping that one copy of Volume III will be in your hands soon after Christmas. Unfortunately there will be some delay in the transmission of the carbons as the photography laboratory is still working on a number of the prints.
I.N.H.